Coastal waters typically contain Chattonella species (Raphidophyceae), types of marine protists. Blooms of harmful microalgae are a common cause of mass fish deaths in finfish aquaculture, leading to substantial losses. In the Johor Strait of Malaysia, Chattonella blooms have been noted since the 1980s. The strait yielded two Chattonella strains in this study, whose morphological characteristics were suggestive of Chattonella subsalsa. Further molecular characterization corroborated the species' identity as C. subsalsa. The development of a whole-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay allowed for the precise determination of C. subsalsa cell presence within the environment. Computer-aided design (in silico) was employed to create species-specific oligonucleotide probes, using the nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal DNA's large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). selleck chemicals llc Due to favorable hybridization efficiency and probe parameters, the best candidate signature regions in the LSU-rRNA and ITS2-rDNA were selected. Biotinylated probes were synthesized and then subjected to tyramide signal amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH-TSA). The outcomes of the study demonstrated the probes' particular affinity for the target cells. Harmful algal surveillance programs could benefit from the FISH-TSA method, which has been shown to effectively detect harmful algae types.
Oxidative stress, coupled with inflammation, has been shown to play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Recent research indicates that Ethulia conyzoides displayed antioxidant activity under laboratory conditions. The potential antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions of the residual aqueous extract of Ethulia conyzoides were assessed in male Wistar rats with induced type 2 diabetes, through in-vivo experiments. A 21-day sub-acute antidiabetic study assessed the effects of the residual aqueous fraction, delivered at differing doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight). Post-treatment, the levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, and in vivo antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), were determined. Upon administering varying concentrations of the residual aqueous fraction to rats, a statistically significant (p < 0.005) decrease was observed in blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1, and TNF- levels, concurrently with a noteworthy (p < 0.005) rise in SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase, and insulin levels compared to the diabetic control group. Subsequently, the 400 mg/kg dosage concentration of body weight proved to be the most potent. The residual aqueous fraction of Ethulia conyzoides is shown by this result to have notable antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential.
An examination of water quality parameters is vital for assessing the safety of water and nutrient levels for fish and freshwater prawn populations within the Nyatuh River, Terengganu, Malaysia. A study was undertaken to evaluate water quality parameters and nutrient levels in the Nyatuh River, Setiu, Terengganu, in connection with Macrobrachium rosenbergii populations within its basin, owing to the river's significance. An evaluation of the water quality parameters was conducted across four expeditions and five stations situated in various tidal environments during the study. The results show a temperature range from 2656°C to 2930°C, DO between 359 mg/L and 650 mg/L, pH levels from 499 to 701, salinity between 0.01 ppt and 422 ppt, and depths from 271 meters to 554 meters; also measured were ammonia (0.01 mg/L to 0.24 mg/L), nitrite (0.01 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L), and phosphate (0.01 mg/L to 0.12 mg/L). Expeditions 1, 2, 4, and 3 yielded 176, 160, 102, and 68 prawns, respectively. The heterogeneous prawn catch is likely a result of the substantial disparity in water depth between high and low tides, along with the fluctuation in ammonia concentrations among different sampling stations and expeditions. Statistical analysis revealed no meaningful temperature difference between the expedition's, stations', and tidal readings. We have established the parameters p as 0.280, p greater than 0.005, and F being 1206, respectively. Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, as assessed statistically, exhibited no significant variations; this is evident from the p-value exceeding 0.05 (0.714), and the corresponding F-statistic (0.737). Significant differences in water depth were observed across the expedition, station, and tidal measurements; these were confirmed statistically (p = 0.000, p = 0.005, F = 1255, respectively). selleck chemicals llc The exceptionally high water quality and very low ammonia levels in Expedition 1 supported a more considerable prawn population compared to other expeditions. The prawn catch displays significant variability in its distribution across sampling sites, a consequence of substantial variations in water depth and water quality, which includes fluctuations in ammonia levels. Finally, the Nyatuh River's water quality was found to fluctuate significantly across different expeditions, stations, and tides, exhibiting considerable disparities in water depth differences between high and low tides. Against the backdrop of the substantial development of industrial and aquaculture activities near the river, it is imperative to carefully consider and prevent the detrimental impact of excessive pollutants on the ecosystem.
Dietary habits play a crucial role in influencing the connection between reproductive health and male fertility. A notable recent trend in Malaysia is the growing interest in using herbal plants for dietary supplementation and in addressing diverse illnesses. Karas, or gaharu, its formal name being Aquilaria malaccensis, has seen a resurgence in interest lately, owing to its potential healing properties, which are attributable to its pharmacological characteristics. Still, there is a significant lack of research on how this affects male reproductive health and fertility. The present study was designed to determine how A. malaccensis administration affects the weight of male reproductive organs (testis, epididymis, prostate gland, and seminal vesicle) and sperm characteristics (count, morphology, and motility) in adult Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were distributed across four treatment groups: Control (6 rats receiving 1 mL distilled water), Treatment 1 (6 rats administered 1 g A. malaccensis per kg body weight), Treatment 2 (6 rats receiving 2 g A. malaccensis per kg body weight), and Treatment 3 (6 rats administered 3 g A. malaccensis per kg body weight). For 28 days, distilled water and A. malaccensis were administered orally once daily by gavage. Euthanasia of the rats on Day 29 allowed for the assessment of both reproductive organ weight and sperm quality. Comparative analysis of testis, epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicle weights, and sperm motility revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the control and treatment groups. A substantial elevation (p<0.005) was observed in T1, reaching 817%. Generally speaking, treatment with either 1, 2 or 3 grams of A. malaccensis did not affect the weight of the reproductive organs or the mobility of sperm. Despite the increased consumption of A. malaccensis by the rodents, a negative effect was noted in both the quantity and structure of the sperm produced.
The research was designed to explore a mixed culture approach with Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. megaterium to investigate their effectiveness in controlling acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) or Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei as a representative model Infected shrimps harboring Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND were divided into separate tanks, each receiving a different diet—either Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, or all Bacillus strains combined. Significantly elevated survival of shrimps, infected and fed with Bacillus mixed culture, corresponded with a decreased proportion of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND strain detection (5714%) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), alongside a small viability count in their hepatopancreas. selleck chemicals llc Contrary to the control group, infected shrimp fed Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, or Bacillus megaterium revealed widespread Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND strain presence in all tissues, as indicated by PCR (86.67%-100% detection), and a large viable cell count (353-424 x 10³ CFU/g). The findings of this study suggest that a mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. megaterium may control the dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, especially in the hepatopancreas of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), the key tissue affected by AHPND. Vannamei shrimp are a significant subject for study. This research demonstrated how a combined culture of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus megaterium impacts the virulence of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) efficiently, thereby suggesting its application in shrimp aquaculture as a biological control to bypass the use of chemicals or antibiotics.
The bagworm, Metisa plana, is a prominent pest in Malaysian oil palm plantations, inflicting substantial economic losses from infestations. The microbial population inhabiting the bagworm's interior has not yet been subjected to systematic study. An understanding of the biological processes of the pest, particularly the bacterial communities, is necessary, as bacteria frequently found within the insect community often provide benefits to the host insect, thus enhancing its ability to survive. Identification of the bacterial community of M. plana relied upon 16S amplicon sequencing analysis. Moreover, a dual comparison evaluated the bacterial communities, initially comparing early and late instar larval communities from the outbreak area; additionally, a comparison of late instar communities from non-outbreak locations with outbreak areas was conducted.