Disease control is most effectively achieved by employing resistant cultivars. YrTr1, a crucial stripe rust resistance gene, is implemented in wheat breeding projects and is featured in a host differential set for the purpose of determining *P. striiformis f. sp*. Wheat races proliferate throughout the United States. To determine the location of YrTr1, AvSYrTr1NIL was backcrossed to its recurrent parental strain Avocet S (AvS). Seedlings from BC7F2, BC7F3, and BC8F1 populations were evaluated for their reactions to YrTr1-avirulent strains in a controlled setting. Subsequently, BC7F2 plants underwent genotyping using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. immune recovery YrTr1's location on the short arm of chromosome 1B was established via the utilization of 4 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 7 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The genetic separation of YrTr1 from the neighboring markers IWA2583 and IWA7480 was 18 centimorgans (cM) and 13 cM, respectively. The chromosome arm position of a gene was confirmed and placed within bin region 1BS18(05) by amplifying DNA from a set of 21 Chinese Spring (CS) nulli-tetrasomic lines and seven CS 1B deletion lines using three SSR markers. The gene was located proximal to Yr10, at a distance of roughly 74 centiMorgans. The multi-race response array, coupled with its chromosomal location, indicated YrTr1 was distinct from other established stripe rust resistance genes on chromosome arm 1BS, leading to its naming as Yr85.
Rice crops worldwide are facing a significant threat from bacterial panicle blight (BPB), a major disease caused by the pathogens Burkholderia gladioli and B. glumae (1). This ailment manifests through various types of damage, including grain spotting, rot, and panicle blight, ultimately resulting in yield losses exceeding 75% (13). Inbred and hybrid rice varieties have, in recent years, shown symptoms including sheath rot, grain spotting, grain rot, and panicle blight. The symptoms displayed closely match those of BPB and result in yield reductions that are dependent on the cultivar's specific characteristics. (3) also recorded the same symptoms in the context of BPB. To identify the source of the disease, 21 rice panicles showing classic BPB symptoms, of the local Haridhan variety, were gathered from a farmer's field in the Mymensingh region of Bangladesh during the mid-October 2021 rainy season. The alarming outbreak caused the rice panicles to turn dark brown and produce brittle, chaffy grains; virtually every panicle in the field was heavily infected. To ascertain the causal pathogen(s) associated with BPB, 1 gram of rice grain from 20 visibly symptomatic plants was surface-sterilized by submerging in 70% ethanol for a few seconds, followed by a one-minute immersion in 3% sodium hypochlorite solution. Using sterilized distilled water, the grains were rinsed a total of three times. Employing a mortar and pestle, surface-sterilized grains were ground while 5 milliliters of sterile distilled water was incorporated. The suspension, extracted at a volume of 20 liters, was then either spread evenly or streaked across the S-PG selective medium (2). Bacterial colonies exhibiting a violet coloration on S-PG agar were isolated and refined as potential disease-causing agents. Molecular characterization employed PCR, utilizing primers specific to the gyrB gene of the species, which generated a 479 base pair product, as cited in reference 4. Amplification and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA PCR products were carried out, resulting in approximately 1400 base pairs of sequence data (1), and five of the partial 16S rRNA sequences were then submitted to NCBI GenBank (accession numbers OP108276-OP108280). 16S rDNA and gyrB, subjected to BLAST analysis, displayed almost 99% homology with Burkholderia gladioli (KU8512481, MZ4254241) and B. gladioli (AB220893, CP033430), respectively. Purified bacterial isolates displayed diffusible light-yellow pigment on King's B medium, a sign of toxoflavin generation (3). Confirmation of the five bacterial isolates selected from the candidate involved inoculating a 10 mL suspension (108 CFU/mL) into the panicles and sheaths of BRRI Dhan28 plants within a net house, as per the previous procedure (1). Bacterial isolates from spotted rice grains led to the emergence of light brown lesions on inoculated leaf sheaths, concurrent with spotting on the grains. To satisfy Koch's postulates, the symptomatic panicles yielded bacteria that were re-isolated and identified as B. gladioli through the analysis of gyrB and 16s rDNA gene sequences. The aggregated data convincingly linked B. gladioli to BPB development in the rice grain samples we collected. As far as we know, this is the inaugural report of BPB caused by B. gladioli in Bangladesh, necessitating further research to establish an efficient disease control method, otherwise rice production will be severely compromised.
The Lamiaceae herb, peppermint, exhibits a distinctive aroma and finds utility in culinary, medicinal, and industrial contexts. Symptoms of foliar rust were observed in four commercial peppermint fields in San Buenaventura Tecalzingo, San Martin Texmelucan, Puebla, Mexico, during the month of June 2022. The corresponding coordinates are 19°14′34″N 98°27′25″W; 19°14′16″N 98°27′21″W; 19°14′37″N 98°27′07″W; 19°15′06″N 98°26′54″W. Two diseased plants were collected as a sample at each location. Fifty percent of the plants exhibited the disease, with less than seventeen percent of the foliar tissue showing damage. The initial signs of the affliction involved minute chlorotic patches on the leaf's upper epidermis, these later coalescing to create a necrotic region surrounded by a broad chlorotic zone. Only where abundant reddish-brown pustules thickly populated the leaf's abaxial surface did necrosis manifest, smaller pustules marking the adaxial side. On the abaxial surface of the leaves, numerous signs were manifest as reddish-brown pustules. Eruptive subepidermal uredinia, found on all infected leaves, contained hyaline and cylindrical paraphyses. Individual urediniospores (n=50) were hyaline to light brown, echinulate, and obovoid in shape (165-265 x 115-255 µm, mean ± SD = 22 ± 16 µm and 19 ± 4 µm, and 6 µm wall thickness), supported by a pedicel and having two germinative pores. Puccinia menthae, as described by Kabaktepe et al. (2017) and Solano-Baez et al. (2022), exhibited the most similar morphological characteristics. The Biotic Products Development Center of the National Polytechnic Institute's Herbarium of the Department of Plant-Insect Interactions received a voucher specimen for accessioning. The identification number IPN 100115 is provided for verification purposes. Using a single sample, genomic DNA was isolated, followed by a nested PCR procedure to amplify the 28S rDNA segment. The initial reaction employed primers Rust2inv (Aime, 2006) and LR6 (Vilgalys and Hester, 1990), and the subsequent reaction used primers Rust28SF (Aime et al., 2018) and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester, 1990). A complete match (902/1304 base pairs) was observed between the obtained sequence (GenBank accession number OQ552847) and the type-specimen sequence of P. menthae (DQ354513) from Cunila origanoides in the USA, as cited in the work by Aime (2006). A phylogenetic analysis employing the Maximum Likelihood method, incorporating a previously published 28S dataset of Puccinia species, was undertaken. The isolate IPN 100115 was found to cluster within the P. menthae clade, possessing a bootstrap support value of 100%. Using a suspension of urediniospores (1104 spores/ml) from the IPN 100115 isolate, six healthy peppermint plants (Mentha piperita), 30 days old, were sprayed to assess their pathogenicity, compared to six control plants treated with sterile distilled water. Under controlled conditions of 28°C and 95% relative humidity in a moist chamber, all plants were kept for 48 hours, after which the plastic bags were discarded. Within 15 days, inoculated plants manifested disease symptoms, whereas control plants continued to be asymptomatic. Consistently similar results were obtained from the two pathogenicity assays. The morphology of the pathogen isolated from the inoculated plants' pustules was identical to the morphology of the previously collected sample, satisfying the conditions laid out by Koch's postulates. This report, to our understanding, is the first documented instance of Puccinia menthae triggering leaf rust on Mentha piperita in Mexico. In Brazil, Canada, Poland, and the USA, previous identifications of this species utilized morphological characteristics, particularly within the Mentha piperita species (Farr and Rossman, 2023). Since the disease causes the leaves to fall from peppermint plants, which in turn diminishes the harvest, additional information regarding disease management techniques is required.
Two Monstera deliciosa Liebm. plants were documented in the month of February 2023. Araceae plants at a grocery store in Oconee County, South Carolina, showcased the telltale indicators of leaf rust disease. Chlorotic leaf spots, abundant brownish uredinia primarily concentrated on the upper leaf surface, affected more than half of the leaves. In a greenhouse at a plant nursery in York County, South Carolina, the same disease was found in 11 out of the 481 M. deliciosa plants during March 2023. The February-collected plant sample facilitated both morphological characterization and molecular identification, alongside the verification of the rust fungus's pathogenicity. Globose, golden to golden-brown urediniospores, densely clustered together, had dimensions of 229 to 279 micrometers on average. Medical tourism A cylindrical form of 260 meters in diameter, possessing a wall thickness fluctuating between 13 and 26 meters (averaging 50 measurements), is also 11 meters in another direction. Alisertib On the 18th of March at 03:00 hours, with the sample size set at 50, a noteworthy phenomenon was observed.